Singer et al. tested CTCL patients and healthy controls for intracellular IL-31, and they found that, upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and ionomycin, CD4+ T cells (predominantly the neoplastic) from some CTCL patients, all of whom were pruritic, expressed intracellular IL-31 [49]. This evidence concerns the gene IL31 and primary cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.