CCL5 and infection: Our results showed that HTNV infection led to elevated cytokine production, including CXCL-1, CCL-5, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in Nlrc3−/− mice, and the levels of these cytokines peaked at 6 or 9 dpi; in comparison, WT mice had weaker cytokine responses throughout the infection process (Figure 6).