First we studied cytokines that earlier have been shown to be up-regulated during Giardia infections in mice, i.e. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17a, IL-17c, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is giardiasis.