Macrophages and monocytes, recruited in response to the infection, release cytokines [interferons I/III (IFN-I/III)], but also proinflammatory Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-18 to prime adaptative T and B cell immune responses (Tay et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to infection.