An eight-fold rise in plasma epinephrine was achieved by intravenous delivery at 25ng/kg/min for 5.5 hours (EPI), in 7 non-obese young adult T1D patients, none of whom were on insulin pumps, but who had a basal overnight insulin infusion (12mU/kg/hr) with euglycemia maintained by adjustment of intravenous glucose. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.