Similar discordance has also been observed in hepatic and biliary system where global CD39 depletion attenuated pancreatitis related fibrosis (Künzli et al., 2008) yet exacerbated 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) induced biliary fibrosis (Rothweiler et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and pancreatitis.