In addition, DPP4-I would reduce the level of inflammatory signals including NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proinflammatory cytokine including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the mice model of renal (Seo et al., 2019) and hepatic fibrosis (Jung et al., 2014). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.