In PAH patients, TGFβ1 induced EndMT vascular ECs are reported to associate with ERK and NF-κB signalling pathway activations, while activation inhibition of such signalling pathways partially recues the TGFβ1-induced EndMT in ECs (Shu et al., 2016; Zong et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.