TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: When the Th1 and Th2 cells and the CD14+ and CD16+ monocytes enter the pulmonary circulation, a significant inflammatory cell infiltration, with the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, IL1β, IL6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10, will occur in the lungs, forming a “cytokine storm” causing severe pneumonia and in turn lead to lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ failure and even death (Huang et al., 2020a; Zhou Y. X. et al., 2020).