PF4 and Seizure: During initial CNS insult such as epileptic seizures or TBI, BBB permeability increases and platelets enter CNS perivascular space where they interact with astroglial and neuronal lipid rafts (Sotnikov et al., 2013) and secrete neurotransmitters (serotonin; Kopeikina et al., 2020), cytokines (IL-1α; Sotnikov et al., 2013; Starossom et al., 2015), chemokines (platelet factor 4, PF4; Starossom et al., 2015) and lipid mediators (platelet-activating factor, PAF; thromboxane, etc.; Dukhinova et al., 2018).