LCN2 is primarily a bacteriostatic agent,39 that binds to hydrophobic ligands such as iron siderophores produced by bacteria.40,41 LCN2 excess is observed in multiple aseptic pathologies of inflammatory nature,42,43 and as such, LCN2 has become increasingly relevant in recent years as a potential clinical biomarker in inflammatory diseases.44–46 Most importantly, blood and urinary levels of LCN2 have been extensively studied as potential biomarkers for an early diagnosis of AKI and for monitoring of CKD severity. Here, LCN2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.