TNF and hypertensive disorder: Increased salt (sodium chloride) intake enhances the induction of human TH17 cells by activating the p38/MAPK pathway and serum/ glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) [18] resulting in upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IL-2 leading to the development of inflammatory events seen in HTN and T2DM.