GADL1 and ischemia: Recent genetic studies support the tissue–carnosine hypothesis: overexpression of cardio-specific ATP-grasp domain-containing protein 1 (ATPGD1; carnosine synthase) increased carnosine and anserine concentrations in the myocardium of mice, which reduced protein-aldehyde adducts and gave protection against ischemia reperfusion injury (88), whereas knockout of glutamic acid decarboxylase–like 1 (GADL1) reduced carnosine concentrations in the olfactory bulb and skeletal muscle, leading to increased markers of oxidative stress (89).