CD4 and neoplasm: In addition, a preclinical study demonstrated that combination therapy with localized intratumoural therapy of Newcastle disease virus and systemic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) blockade caused lymphocytic infiltrates, especially seen in tumour-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and anti-tumour effects in distant tumours even without distant viral spread [28].