Differential gene expression comparing EVs released from ccRCC cell lines and benign renal cell lines demonstrated that RELN, CDH2, SERPINE1, STAB1, VCAM1, KCNJ8, SRGNR, EREG, COL6A3, and GDF15 were the 10 most enriched genes in RCC EVs, while HIF1A, KRT19, HOXA7, AGR2, LAD1, EPCAM, LAMA4, MUC1, SCNN1A, and PTRF were the 10 most enriched genes in benign EVs (Fig. 3b, Table S13). Here, VCAM1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.