SERPING1 and Alzheimer disease: In the muscle, both Serpinf1 and Serping1 are involved in muscle growth and function through regulation of Akt and FoxO signaling pathways [74–76] whereas Serpina3n, which has been linked with increased immune response activity, is upregulated in aging astrocytes throughout the brain [77], as well as in a Prion disease mouse model [78], and has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [addressed in 79] and in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease progression [80].