Somatic variants in genes of mTOR signaling pathway, including TSC1, TSC2, PIK3CA, MTOR, and AKT3, are found in 63% of FCD type II and hemimegalencephaly tissue samples obtained in resective epilepsy surgery;22 some patients with FCD also carry germline pathogenic variants in genes of GATOR1 complex, another regulator of mTOR signaling pathway.23 Here, PIK3CA is linked to isolated focal cortical dysplasia type II.