In this study, we developed a much more aggressive ‘tumor removal & relapse’ mouse model using the rapidly growing naturally occurring PRL3-positive B16F0 mouse melanoma cell line (Supplementary Fig. 5, Lane 1) which has 2.6 ± 0.8% of PGCCs in normal culture conditions (Supplementary Fig. 6). Here, PTP4A3 is linked to neoplasm.