Previously associated genetic drivers of NET include the cell-cycle regulator CDKN1B in SI-NET10–13, chromatin-remodeling genes (DAXX, ATRX, MEN1, and SETD2), DNA-repair genes (CHEK2, BRCA2, and MUTYH), mTOR-related genes (TSC2, PTEN, and PIK3CA) and the oxygen-sensing modulator VHL14 in pNET3–5,7,15 whilst NEC is associated with aberrations in TP53, RB1, MYC, CCND1, KRAS, PIK3CA/PTEN and BRAF9,16–18. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and neuroendocrine carcinoma.