VEGFA and osteoarthritis: In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced by endothelial cells, chondrocytes and osteoclast have also found increased in condylar cartilage of mechanically induced DJD and in synovial fluid and tissue in patients with disc disorders associated with tissue degeneration.75 Other factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor, insulin like growth factor-binding protein and transforming growth factor were detected in TMJs with disc disorders and degenerative joint diseases.24