TNF and Dystonia: Our observation of 3-NP-induced inflammation in the dystonia mouse model confirmed the previously reported association between inflammation and 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration [7], and was also consistent with prior reports of the significant increase in proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) upon 3-NP treatment [8, 20].