PTHLH and cancer: Hyperactivation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling has been reported to be involved in cancer bone-metastasis via upregulation of multiple bone-remodeling factors, such as RANKL, parathyroid hormone-related protein preproprotein (PTHrP), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [14–18].