HK1 and cancer: In Many types of tumors, some cancer cell (in particular cancer stem cells) express high levels of Caveolin 1 (Cav1) which regulates genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, glucose transporters and stimulate glycolysis, irrespective of the presence of oxygen without ATP generation by mitochondria (aerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect), in a crosstalk with Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) (117, 118).