Furthermore, both human MSCs and human MSC-PTX secreted molecules which diminished leukemic cell adhesion to microvascular endothelium (MECs) and negatively regulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression on MECs, revealing the potent competence of this modality for leukemia therapy in humans (Pessina et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and leukemia.