NLRP3 and Cowden disease: Although the contradictory results in mice models exist, human data have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activity is increased in UC and CD patients, and some studies even demonstrated that targeting NLRP3 activity, such as MCC950 (Bauer et al., 2010), flavonoid VI-16 (Zhao et al., 2019), carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) (Du et al., 2017), and PAP-1 (Mei et al., 2019), in IBD murine models displayed therapeutic effects.