Given the enrichment of VAP-1 in caveolae of the plasma membrane of SMCs (Salmi and Jalkanen, 2019), it is conceivable that the synthetic phenotype switch of SMCs, which reduces the formation of caveolae (Thyberg, 2002), will result in decreased VAP-1 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. Here, AOC3 is linked to Atherosclerotic lesion.