Although, it was recently found that PCSK9 inhibition does not appear to significantly impact on insulin secretion in mice and humans [51, 52], two other studies suggested that human PCSK9 loss-of-function variants were associated with a raised risk to develop new-onset diabetes whereas PCSK9 may mediate 11% of insulin resistance in obese and depressed patients [53, 54]. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.