SQSTM1 and infection: As intracellular bacteria are recognized, host xenophagy machinery, including ubiquitin, cargo receptors (NDP52 and SQSTM1), galectins (Gal3), and isolation membranes (marked by LC3), are recruited and associate with bacteria by 1 h post-infection (Paz et al., 2010; Thurston et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2019).