To date three main approaches have been used to develop animal models of MSA (Table 1) based, respectively, on the use of neurotoxins selectively damaging the nigrostriatal or olivopontocerebellar structures, recombinant genetic techniques and viral vectors aiming at inducing α-synuclein overexpression in oligodendrocytes (Jellinger 2019b; Lee et al. 2019). Here, SNCA is linked to multiple system atrophy.