TNF and breast cancer: A study by Huhn et al., (2019) showed that estrogen deprivation could upregulate PD-L1 expression and triggers a wide inflammatory transcriptional program in ER+ breast cancer which includes secretion of cytokine such as as IL-6 and IFNγ that trigger the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway and TNFα that activate NF-kB signaling.