TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), induce chronic inflammation in T2DM (John, 2004; Mahlangu et al., 2019; Pradhan et al., 2001), although the specific mechanism remains unclear.