Treatment with cystic cell EVs/exosomes increased macrophages in cystic kidneys, whereas treatment with GW4869 decreased macrophage populations in kidneys from Pkd1RC/RC mice and Pkd1flox/flox:Pkhd1-Cre mice (Supplementary Fig. 15b, c), supporting that cystic cell-derived exosomes contributed to the increase of macrophages in cystic kidneys. This evidence concerns the gene PKHD1 and Renal cyst.