TNFSF15 and infection: This is further supported by the finding that the infection with chronic adherent-invasive E. coli in streptomycin-treated mouse strains (CD1, DBA/2, C3H, 129e and C57BL/6) induced profibrotic growth factors and fibrosis.132 Further evidence comes from another mouse model: tumor necrosis factor–like cytokine 1A (TL1A, TNFSF15) expression is increased in the inflamed gut mucosa and associated with fibrostenosing CD.