GPBAR1 and cardiac hypertrophy: TGR5 is another transcription factor expressing in a wide range of tissues, which is mainly activated by LCA, DCA, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), the secondary bile acids synthesized by gut microbiota.127,128 TUDCA has shown anti-inflammatory effects by activating TGR5 in the nervous system.128,129 An in vitro study reveals that LCA-activated TGR5 can ameliorate cardiac hypertrophy.130