NR1I2 and neoplasm: DCA has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor-suppressing CXCR6+ natural killer T cells and promote liver tumorigenesis.131,132 Hepatic Pregnane X receptor (PXR) can be activated by LCA to prevent LCA-caused liver damage.133 On the other hand, however, the high toxicity of secondary bile acids also exhibits beneficial effects on host by preventing the colonization of certain pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile.