KEAP1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: According to manifold studies, the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway is able to give an impulse to system Xc–, enhancing the resistibility of ferroptosis via Nrf2 overexpression or Keap1 drawdown, which was further confirmed to occur in the development of retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) (Fan et al., 2017; Carpi-Santos and Calaza, 2018).