INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Additionally, as a high-risk factor for pancreatic dysfunction and T2DM (Grau-Perez et al., 2017), chronic arsenic exposure may induce islet autophagy (Wu et al., 2018) and impact insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells for its destructive effect in mitochondrial metabolism (Dover et al., 2018; Carmean et al., 2019; Zhang Q. et al., 2019).