Remarkably, and similar to the previous section on DN, Nrf2 also became a central issue by academicians for its protective role to cardiac cells in both T1DM and T2DM, principally via the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway (Ge et al., 2019) and its detrimental role noticed in fibroblast growth factor 21-knockout mice (Yan et al., 2015). Here, KEAP1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.