CD274 and neoplasm: However, it is expected that ESCC will show some benefit not only from checkpoint therapy but also, more importantly, from agents geared toward improving immune cell infiltration in tumors, as it has been previously observed that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is increased in ESCC and that a decrease in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes decreases patient survival (Cho et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2016; Yagi et al., 2019).