In HNSCC indeed one study demonstrated that prior treatment with chemotherapy was associated with increased overall survival relative to patients with prior surgery or radiation therapy in an observational study of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) (Hanna et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.