Interestingly, the effects of Nef on ABCA1 during HIV-1 infection may not be restricted to infected cells, as exogenous Nef taken up by cells was also shown to be active in ABCA1 downregulation and cholesterol efflux reduction (Mukhamedova et al., 2019) (Figure 3). The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is HIV-1 infection.