TNF and cancer: The mode of action of therapeutic antibodies are numerous and include neutralization of substances e.g. cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (Alonso-Ruiz et al., 2008) or toxins (Rasetti-Escargueil et al., 2017), human cell binding and modulation of the host immune system (Chatenoud and Bluestone, 2007), blocking of receptors which are overexpressed on cancer cells like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Peeters et al., 2009) or combinations of these mode of actions (Adams and Weiner, 2005).