In terms of sex, the mRNA expression of Pd-l1 and iNos increased by AOM/DSS treatment was significantly lower in female mice than in males, only in Nrf2 KO groups (P = 0.012 for Pd-l1 and P = 0.009 for iNos; Figures 3A–D). This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and infectious otitis media.