PTGS2 and viral infectious disease: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid generated by cyclooxygenases, has been shown to modulate inflammation and the immune system by regulating the expression/concentration of cytokine in viral infections [12]. Women infected with HIV-1 show an increase in cervical cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and elevated systemic PGE2 levels [13].