PADI4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In this brief report we demonstrate the elevation of neutrophils and indirect serum biomarkers of neutrophil NETosis – the enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO), proteinase 3 (PR3), neutrophil elastase (NE) and protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), the active form of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, LL37, and cell-free DNA-histone complexes – in the blood of pediatric patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes.