Both TSLP and IL-33 were found to be up-regulated in the submandibular glands of patients with IgG4-RD; these alarmins may contribute to chronic inflammation and IgG4+ B cell accumulation via induction of mucosal Type 2 immunity (10, 60, 72). Here, TSLP is linked to immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease.