SPP1 and infection: In line with the increased frequency of anti-inflammatory/restorative macrophages (Ly6Clow/-) during the late stage of infection, we observed increased gene expression of several molecules, especially TGF-β, IGF-1 and OPN, which are known to be produced by anti-inflammatory/restorative macrophages and are associated with the resolution of inflammation, inhibition of calcification, and regeneration of muscles (18, 23, 24, 26) (Figures 3I, J).