PGE2, a product of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathway (Figure 2), is an important homeostatic regulator of nephropathy, as well as hypertension, adipogenesis, dyslipidemia, diabetes, neuropathy, atherogenesis and retinopathy, contributing to global cardiovascular risk (Nasrallah et al., 2016). Here, PTGS2 is linked to retinal disorder.