PTGS2 and diabetes mellitus: PGE2, a product of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathway (Figure 2), is an important homeostatic regulator of nephropathy, as well as hypertension, adipogenesis, dyslipidemia, diabetes, neuropathy, atherogenesis and retinopathy, contributing to global cardiovascular risk (Nasrallah et al., 2016).