Similarly, the pterygium presents tumour-like features (Chui et al., 2011), and recent evidence has indicated that the formation and development of pterygium are probably related to increased expression of VEGF, COX, and multiple proinflammatory cytokines (Martín-López et al., 2019; Adiguzel et al., 2007; Park et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and pterygium.