CASP9 and cancer: The T allele at the CASP9 promoter SNP rs4645978 has been associated with increased risks of colorectal (Theodoropoulos et al., 2011) and gastric (Liamarkopoulos et al., 2011) cancers, but decreased risks of breast cancer (Theodoropoulos et al., 2012), acute myeloid leukemia (Cingeetham et al., 2014), and pancreatic cancer (Theodoropoulos et al., 2010).