TGFA and atherosclerosis: Arsenic may directly induce atherosclerosis by increasing the mRNA transcription of growth factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) and TGFα, and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 (Alamolhodaei et al., 2015) and multiple evidence indicate atherosclerosis is closely related to ischemic heart disease.