In a recent extensive study, total and aggregated α-synuclein and also pS129 were separately measured in the membrane, and cytosolic fractions of erythrocytes; significantly increased levels of total and aggregated α-synuclein in the membrane fraction and remarkably high levels of pS129 in cytosolic fraction were observed in PD cases in comparison to that in healthy controls (Tian et al., 2019). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.