Thus, a large study measured α-synuclein content in plasma as well as in LCAM1 positive EVs isolated from the blood of 267 PD and 215 controls; the plasma levels of α-synuclein did not differ in the groups, but LCAM1 positive EV-α-synuclein was significantly higher in the PD cases compared to that in the controls (Shi et al., 2014). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.