MANF and nervous system disorder: Several NTFs have been considered as therapeutic agents for neurological disease and injury (Pöyhönen et al., 2019), including mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) (Petrova et al., 2003), which has been reported to possess protective and restorative effect in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and CNS in disease animal models (Voutilainen et al., 2009; Lindahl et al., 2014; Mätlik et al., 2018).