Indeed, irradiated K562 cells expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been clinically assessed for treating myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients, with noted haematologic improvements and no serious adverse events [17–19]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.